Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland is underactive, producing insufficient hormones. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation, depression, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, it can lead to myxedema coma, a life-threatening condition. The primary cause is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid. Treatment typically involves daily use of synthetic thyroxine (T4) to normalize hormone levels.
Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, is characterized by an overactive thyroid producing excessive hormones. Symptoms include weight loss, heat intolerance, rapid heartbeat, nervousness, irritability, increased appetite, and tremors. Graves’ disease, another autoimmune condition, is the most common cause. Treatments include antithyroid medications like methimazole or propylthiouracil to reduce hormone production, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy overactive thyroid cells, and sometimes surgical removal of the thyroid gland.
Both conditions can significantly impact overall health, but they are manageable with proper medical care. Regular monitoring of thyroid function through blood tests (measuring TSH, T4, and T3 levels) is crucial to ensure effective treatment and adjust dosages as needed. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can greatly improve quality of life and prevent serious complications.
