Osteoporosis is a bone disease where decreased bone density and mass lead to fragile bones that are more susceptible to fractures. It progresses silently, often without symptoms until a fracture occurs, typically in the hip, spine, or wrist. This condition is most common in older adults, particularly postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that accelerate bone loss.
Causes:
Osteoporosis develops when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both. The major causes include:
- Aging: Bone density declines with age, especially after 50.
- Hormonal changes: Reduced estrogen in women after menopause or lower testosterone levels in men contribute to bone loss.
- Nutritional factors: Inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake weaken bones.
- Lifestyle: Lack of physical activity, smoking, and excessive alcohol use can increase the risk.
- Medical conditions: Certain conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and medications, like corticosteroids, can also increase bone loss.
Symptoms:
Osteoporosis is often called a “silent disease” because it doesn’t have visible symptoms until a bone breaks. Common consequences include fractures, height loss, back pain from vertebral compression fractures, and a hunched posture (kyphosis).
Diagnosis:
The disease is typically diagnosed using a bone density scan (DEXA), which measures bone mineral density (BMD) and provides a T-score. A score of -2.5 or lower indicates osteoporosis.
Treatment and Prevention:
- Medications: Drugs like bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), and newer treatments like denosumab and teriparatide help reduce bone loss and increase bone density.
- Lifestyle modifications: Regular weight-bearing exercises, calcium and vitamin D supplements, and a balanced diet help maintain bone health. Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol use is also crucial.
Preventing and managing osteoporosis requires a comprehensive approach to strengthen bones and reduce fracture risk.