Causes and Transmission of Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other organs like the brain, kidneys, and bones. TB is a major global health concern, especially in developing countries.
Causes of TB
TB occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis enters the body and infects the lungs or other organs. The bacteria can remain dormant (latent TB) or become active and cause disease (active TB). People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or malnutrition, are at higher risk of developing active TB.
Transmission of TB
TB spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person:
- Coughs
- Sneezes
- Speaks
- Sings
When another person inhales these droplets, they may become infected. However, TB does not spread through touching, sharing food, or casual contact.
Risk Factors for TB Transmission
- Close contact with an infected person
- Crowded or poorly ventilated spaces (e.g., prisons, refugee camps)
- Weakened immune system (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy, organ transplants)
- Malnutrition and smoking, which reduce immunity
Prevention
The BCG vaccine helps protect children from severe TB. Early detection, proper treatment, wearing masks, and improving living conditions can prevent TB from spreading.