Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition where the force of the blood against artery walls is consistently too high. It is typically defined as having a systolic blood pressure (the top number) of 130 mmHg or higher, or a diastolic pressure (the bottom number) of 80 mmHg or higher. Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and other health problems.
The condition can be classified as primary (essential) hypertension, which has no identifiable cause and develops gradually over time, or secondary hypertension, which is caused by underlying conditions such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or certain medications.
Often called the “silent killer,” hypertension may not show noticeable symptoms until significant damage has occurred. Risk factors include age, genetics, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high salt intake, stress, and excessive alcohol consumption.
Diagnosis is made through regular blood pressure monitoring. Management includes lifestyle modifications such as a healthy diet (e.g., DASH diet), regular exercise, weight loss, smoking cessation, and medication when necessary. Early detection and consistent management are vital to reducing complications and improving long-term health outcomes. Regular check-ups are essential, especially for those with risk factors.