Sjögren’s Syndrome is a chronic autoimmune condition that primarily targets the body’s moisture-producing glands, leading to a wide range of symptoms. The hallmark features are dry eyes and dry mouth, but the disease can affect multiple organ systems and vary in severity from person to person.
Primary Symptoms
- Dry Eyes (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca):
A gritty or burning sensation, redness, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and the feeling of having sand in the eyes are common. Chronic dryness can lead to eye infections or corneal damage. - Dry Mouth (Xerostomia):
Individuals may experience difficulty swallowing, speaking, or tasting; a sticky feeling in the mouth; increased thirst; cracked lips; and frequent cavities or oral infections due to reduced saliva.
Additional Glandular Symptoms
- Dryness in the nose, throat, and skin
- Vaginal dryness in women, leading to discomfort
Systemic (Extraglandular) Symptoms
Sjögren’s can also affect other parts of the body, especially in secondary forms:
- Joint pain and stiffness – often resembling mild arthritis
- Fatigue – persistent and sometimes debilitating
- Swollen salivary glands, especially around the jaw
- Dry cough or difficulty breathing if lungs are involved
- Skin rashes or sensitivity to sunlight
- Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy)
- Kidney problems or abnormal urination
- Digestive issues, such as acid reflux or gastritis
Complications
In rare cases, Sjögren’s can increase the risk of lymphoma (a type of cancer), and may lead to other autoimmune disorders like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.
Because the symptoms are often subtle and develop gradually, Sjögren’s is sometimes difficult to diagnose early. A combination of blood tests, eye and mouth evaluations, and biopsies may be needed to confirm the diagnosis. Prompt recognition helps in managing symptoms and preventing complications.