Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia worldwide. It affects memory, thinking, behaviour, and the ability to perform daily activities. The disease gradually damages brain cells, especially in areas responsible for learning and memory, leading to cognitive decline over time. Alzheimer’s typically develops in older adults, but early-onset cases can appear before the age of 65.
The exact cause is not fully understood, but Alzheimer’s is strongly associated with abnormal protein build-up in the brain. Two key proteins—amyloid plaques and tau tangles—disrupt communication between neurons and eventually cause cell death. Risk factors include ageing, genetics, family history, cardiovascular disease, head injuries, chronic stress, and unhealthy lifestyle habits. While ageing is the strongest risk factor, Alzheimer’s is not a normal part of ageing.
Symptoms begin gradually, starting with mild memory lapses, difficulty recalling recent events, and trouble finding words. As the disease progresses, individuals experience confusion, impaired judgment, mood changes, difficulty performing familiar tasks, and disorientation. In later stages, patients lose the ability to communicate, recognize loved ones, or manage basic self-care, requiring full-time support.
Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, cognitive tests, brain imaging (MRI, CT, PET), and medical history assessment. There is no cure for Alzheimer’s, but treatments can slow symptom progression, improve quality of life, and support cognitive functioning. Medications, memory training, structured routines, and caregiver support form key components of management.
Lifestyle measures such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, mental stimulation, proper sleep, and social engagement help reduce risk and support brain health. Caregiver assistance, emotional support, and community resources are essential as the disease advances.
Alzheimer’s remains a major global health challenge, but early detection, supportive care, and ongoing research continue to bring hope for better treatments and improved outcomes.