Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It affects people of all ages and can have diverse causes, including genetic predispositions, brain injuries, infections, or developmental disorders. Seizures vary widely in type, ranging from brief lapses in attention or muscle twitches to prolonged convulsions.
The condition is classified into focal seizures (originating in one part of the brain) and generalized seizures (affecting both hemispheres). Common symptoms during seizures include involuntary movements, altered sensations, loss of awareness, or behavioral changes. Epilepsy’s impact extends beyond seizures, often causing psychological and social challenges such as anxiety, depression, or stigma.
Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, neurological exams, and tests like electroencephalography (EEG) or imaging scans. Treatment aims to control seizures, primarily through antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). For some, alternative therapies like surgery, vagus nerve stimulation, or dietary modifications, such as the ketogenic diet, may be effective.
While epilepsy is a lifelong condition for many, about 70% of individuals achieve seizure control with treatment. Education, support networks, and public awareness are crucial for improving the quality of life for those living with epilepsy and reducing associated stigma.