Dengue is a viral infection transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is most common in tropical and subtropical regions and poses a significant public health challenge in many countries. The disease is caused by one of four related dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4), and infection with one does not provide immunity to the others.
Symptoms typically appear 4–10 days after a mosquito bite and include sudden high fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pain (hence the nickname “breakbone fever”), nausea, vomiting, skin rash, and pain behind the eyes. In some cases, the infection can progress to severe dengue (also known as dengue hemorrhagic fever), which may cause bleeding, organ impairment, and even death if untreated.
There is no specific antiviral treatment for dengue. Management focuses on supportive care, such as hydration, rest, and pain relief using paracetamol (avoiding NSAIDs like ibuprofen due to bleeding risk). In severe cases, hospitalization may be required.
Prevention is key and includes controlling mosquito populations and avoiding bites by using repellents, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating standing water. A dengue vaccine is available in some countries but is recommended selectively.
Public awareness and early medical attention can significantly reduce dengue-related complications and fatalities.