- Lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in the lymphatic system, which includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. It affects the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell crucial for immunity.
- There are two main categories: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). HL is characterized by the presence of Reed–Sternberg cells, whereas NHL includes a wide range of lymphoid cancers with varied behaviours and outcomes.
- The exact cause of lymphoma is unknown, but several risk factors increase susceptibility, including weakened immunity, certain infections (like EBV or HIV), autoimmune diseases, age, family history, and exposure to radiation or chemicals.
- Lymphoma often develops when lymphocytes undergo mutations that cause uncontrolled growth, resulting in enlarged lymph nodes or the spread of abnormal cells to other organs.
- Symptoms depend on the type and stage, but common signs include painless swelling of lymph nodes, persistent fatigue, fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, itching, and frequent infections.
- Diagnosis involves physical examination, blood tests, imaging (CT, PET), lymph node biopsy, and bone marrow testing to determine the type, stage, and progression of the disease.
- Treatment plans vary widely and may include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these, depending on the lymphoma subtype.
- Modern therapies, especially targeted and immune-based treatments, have significantly improved survival rates and reduced long-term side effects.
- Some lymphomas grow slowly and may not need immediate treatment, following a “watch-and-wait” approach, while aggressive types require prompt intervention.
- Follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence, late effects of treatment, and overall health recovery.
- Lifestyle support, emotional counseling, balanced nutrition, and infection prevention play important roles in improving the quality of life for patients.
- With early detection and advanced treatment options, many people with lymphoma achieve long-term remission and lead healthy, productive lives.
