Deafness, or hearing loss, is a partial or complete inability to hear sounds. It can affect one or both ears and may range from mild to profound severity. Hearing loss can occur at any age and may develop gradually or suddenly, depending on its cause.
There are three main types of deafness: conductive hearing loss, caused by problems in the outer or middle ear; sensorineural hearing loss, resulting from damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve; and mixed hearing loss, involving both components. Common causes include ageing, prolonged exposure to loud noise, genetic factors, infections, ear injuries, ototoxic medications, and conditions such as meningitis or chronic ear infections. In children, congenital factors or complications during birth may also contribute.
Symptoms vary but often include difficulty understanding conversations, frequently increasing volume, ringing in the ears, or a feeling of fullness in the ear. Early detection is crucial, especially in infants, to support speech and language development.
Diagnosis involves hearing tests, audiometry, and medical evaluation. Treatment depends on the type and severity of hearing loss and may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, medications, or surgery. Rehabilitation, speech therapy, and sign language also support communication and improve quality of life